Translation begins with the charging of tRNA, or aminoacylation (F), where each tRNA molecule is loaded with the appropriate amino acid. This step is crucial as it ensures that tRNAs are ready to deliver the correct amino acids during protein synthesis. Following this, the initiation phase occurs when the ribosome assembles around the target mRNA, positioning itself at the start codon. Next, the charged tRNA binds to mRNA by complementary base pairing , ensuring the correct placement of amino acids. The elongation phase involves the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, one by one, facilitated by successive cycles of tRNA binding and peptide bond formation. Translation ends with termination when a stop codon is reached, signaling the ribosome to halt synthesis. The newly synthesized polypeptide is then released, and the ribosomal complex disassembles (E).

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